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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">futmed</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицина будущего</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The Future of Medicine</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">3033-9057</issn><issn pub-type="epub">3033-9669</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Ленинградская областная клиническая больница</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.67666/3033-9057-2026-1-2-8-20</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">futmed-87</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Геронтология</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Gerontology</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Хронологический и биологический возраст у кардиологических пациентов старших возрастных групп: патофизиологические механизмы, методы оценки и клиническое значение несоответствия</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Chronological and biological age in elderly cardiological patients: pathophysiological mechanisms, assessment methods, and clinical significance of disparity</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1784-0375</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волошин</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Voloshin</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Волошин Сергей Владимирович — канд. мед. наук, заместитель главного врача по терапевтическойпомощи</p><p>194291, г. Санкт-Петербург, пр. Луначарского, д. 45, корп. 2, лит. А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey V. Voloshin — Cand. Sci. (Med.), Deputy ChiefPhysician for Therapeutic Care</p><p>45, Lunacharsky ave., Bldg. A, St. Petersburg, 194291</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8682-9909</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полякова</surname><given-names>В. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Polyakova</surname><given-names>V. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Полякова Виктория Олеговна — докт. биол. наук,профессор, профессор РАН, руководитель научного отдела </p><p>194291, г. Санкт-Петербург, пр. Луначарского, д. 45, корп. 2, лит. А; 199034, г. Санкт-Петербург,Университетская наб., д. 7 – 9</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Viktoria O. Polyakova — Dr. Sci. (Biology), Professorof RAS, Head of the Scientific Departmen</p><p>45, Lunacharsky ave., Bldg. A, St. Petersburg, 194291;  7–9, Universitetskaya Embankment, St. Petersburg, 199034</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vopol@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7194-6811</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алексеев</surname><given-names>С. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Alekseev</surname><given-names>S. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алексеев Сергей Михайлович — канд. мед. наук,главный врач</p><p>194291, г. Санкт-Петербург, пр. Луначарского, д. 45, корп. 2, лит. А; 199034, г. Санкт-Петербург,Университетская наб., д. 7 – 9</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergei M. Alekseev — Cand. Sci. (Med.), Deputy ChiefPhysician for Therapeutic Care</p><p>45, Lunacharsky ave., Bldg. A, St. Petersburg, 194291;  7–9, Universitetskaya Embankment, St. Petersburg, 199034</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ «Ленинградская областная клиническая больница»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Leningrad Regional Clinical Hospital</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ «Ленинградская областная клиническая больница»; ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Leningrad Regional Clinical Hospital; Medical Institute of St. Petersburg State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>1</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>8</fpage><lpage>20</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Волошин С.В., Полякова В.О., Алексеев С.М., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Волошин С.В., Полякова В.О., Алексеев С.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Voloshin S.V., Polyakova V.O., Alekseev S.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://futmed.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/87">https://futmed.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/87</self-uri><abstract><p>Хронологический (календарный, паспортный) возраст остается одним из наиболее значимых факторов сердечно-сосудистого риска, однако у пациентов пожилого и старческого возраста он не всегда отражает индивидуальную скорость старения, функциональные резервы и патофизиологическую уязвимость сердечно-сосудистой системы. Биологический возраст рассматривается как интегральная характеристика интенсивности старения организма, формирующаяся под влиянием клеточной сенесценции, хронического низкоинтенсивного воспаления, эндотелиальной дисфункции, митохондриального повреждения, эпигенетического дрейфа, сосудистой жесткости, метаболических нарушений и  снижения адаптационных резервов организма [1–4, 20–25].</p><p>У  кардиологических пациентов старших возрастных групп расхождение между паспортным и  биологическим возрастом имеет существенное прогностическое значение, поскольку позволяет выявлять пациентов с  ускоренным сосудистым, метаболическим, миокардиальным и  функциональным старением, уточнять сердечно-сосудистый риск, оценивать угрозы нежелательных явлений и осложнений терапии и/или инвазивных вмешательств, а также индивидуализировать лечебную тактику [3, 5–7, 18, 30, 31].</p><p>В  обзоре систематизированы современные представления о  различиях между хронологическим и  биологическим возрастом, рассмотрены патофизиологические механизмы ускоренного сердечно-сосудистого старения, описаны клинико-функциональные, лабораторно-фенотипические, эпигенетические и инструментальные методы определения биологического возраста. Отдельное внимание уделено интерпретации ситуаций, когда биологический возраст превышает календарный или, напротив, оказывается ниже. Показано, что наиболее обоснованным является не изолированное использование одного биомаркера, а мультимодальная оценка, объединяющая комплексную гериатрическую оценку, лабораторные показатели, маркеры сосудистого старения и, при возможности, эпигенетические часы [5–8, 28, 29].</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Chronological age remains one of the most important determinants of cardiovascular risk; however, in elderly and senile cardiac patients it does not always reflect the individual rate of aging, functional reserves and pathophysiological vulnerability of the cardiovascular system. Biological age is considered an integrative characteristic of the aging rate formed under the influence of cellular senescence, chronic low-grade inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, mitochondrial impairment, epigenetic drift, arterial stiffness, metabolic disorders and reduced compensatory reserves of the body [1–4, 20–25].</p><p>In older cardiac patients, the discrepancy between chronological and biological age has important prognostic significance, as it allows identification of patients with accelerated vascular, metabolic, myocardial and functional aging, refinement of cardiovascular risk, assessment of tolerance to therapy and invasive interventions, and individualization of therapeutic strategy [3, 5–7, 18, 30, 31].</p><p>This review systematizes current concepts of the differences between chronological and biological age, considers the pathophysiological mechanisms of accelerated cardiovascular aging, and describes clinicalfunctional, laboratory-phenotypic, epigenetic and instrumental methods for assessing biological age. Special attention is paid to the interpretation of situations in which biological age exceeds chronological age or, conversely, is lower than it. It is shown that the most justified approach is not the isolated use of a  single biomarker, but a  multimodal assessment combining comprehensive geriatric evaluation, laboratory parameters, markers of vascular aging and, where available, epigenetic clocks [5–8, 28, 29].</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>паспортный возраст</kwd><kwd>биологический возраст</kwd><kwd>сердечно-сосудистые заболевания</kwd><kwd>старшие возрастные группы</kwd><kwd>сосудистое старение</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>chronological age</kwd><kwd>biological age</kwd><kwd>cardiovascular disease</kwd><kwd>older age groups</kwd><kwd>vascular aging</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hamczyk M.R., Nevado R.M., Barettino A., et al. Biological versus chronological aging: JACC Focus Seminar. J. Am. Coll. 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